+
+
@@ -9614,7 +9614,7 @@ index 000000000..f02f04002
+
+
++ comment="MSVSphere 9 key package is installed">
+
+
+
@@ -9633,16 +9633,16 @@ index 000000000..bc0ba8d22
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+documentation_complete: true
+
-+title: 'Ensure AlmaLinux GPG Key Installed'
++title: 'Ensure MSVSphere GPG Key Installed'
+
+description: |-
+ To ensure the system can cryptographically verify base software
-+ packages come from AlmaLinux, the AlmaLinux GPG key must properly be installed.
-+ To install the AlmaLinux GPG key, run:
-+ $ sudo rpm --import https://repo.msvsphere.org/msvsphere/RPM-GPG-KEY-AlmaLinux-9
++ packages come from MSVSphere, the MSVSphere GPG key must properly be installed.
++ To install the MSVSphere GPG key, run:
++ $ sudo rpm --import https://repo.msvsphere.org/msvsphere/RPM-GPG-KEY-MSVSphere-9
+ If the system is not connected to the Internet,
-+ then install the AlmaLinux GPG key from trusted media such as
-+ the AlmaLinux installation CD-ROM or DVD. Assuming the disc is mounted
++ then install the MSVSphere GPG key from trusted media such as
++ the MSVSphere installation CD-ROM or DVD. Assuming the disc is mounted
+ in /media/cdrom, use the following command as the root user to import
+ it into the keyring:
+ $ sudo rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY
@@ -9651,8 +9651,8 @@ index 000000000..bc0ba8d22
+ Changes to software components can have significant effects on the
+ overall security of the operating system. This requirement ensures
+ the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided
-+ by a trusted vendor. The AlmaLinux GPG key is necessary to
-+ cryptographically verify packages are from AlmaLinux.
++ by a trusted vendor. The MSVSphere GPG key is necessary to
++ cryptographically verify packages are from MSVSphere.
+
+severity: high
+
@@ -9668,13 +9668,13 @@ index 000000000..bc0ba8d22
+ iso27001-2013: A.11.2.4,A.12.1.2,A.12.2.1,A.12.5.1,A.12.6.2,A.14.1.2,A.14.1.3,A.14.2.2,A.14.2.3,A.14.2.4
+ cis-csc: 11,2,3,9
+
-+ocil_clause: 'the AlmaLinux GPG Key is not installed'
++ocil_clause: 'the MSVSphere GPG Key is not installed'
+
+ocil: |-
+ To ensure that the GPG key is installed, run:
+ $ rpm -q --queryformat "%{SUMMARY}\n" gpg-pubkey
+ The command should return the string below:
-+ gpg(AlmaLinux <packager@msvsphere.org>
++ gpg(MSVSphere <packager@msvsphere.org>
diff --git a/linux_os/guide/system/software/updating/ensure_gpgcheck_globally_activated/bash/shared.sh b/linux_os/guide/system/software/updating/ensure_gpgcheck_globally_activated/bash/shared.sh
index 2bf91c8ca..b5f520737 100644
--- a/linux_os/guide/system/software/updating/ensure_gpgcheck_globally_activated/bash/shared.sh
@@ -9778,7 +9778,7 @@ index 000000000..af3334038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-anssi_bp28_enhanced-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (enhanced) profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (enhanced) profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-07-13
+#
@@ -9928,7 +9928,7 @@ index 000000000..5cebc6ceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-anssi_bp28_high-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (high) profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (high) profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-07-13
+#
@@ -10082,7 +10082,7 @@ index 000000000..71fbb5eb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-anssi_bp28_intermediary-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (intermediary) profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (intermediary) profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-07-13
+#
@@ -10232,7 +10232,7 @@ index 000000000..131851bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-anssi_bp28_minimal-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (minimal) profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide ANSSI BP-028 (minimal) profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-07-13
+#
@@ -10346,7 +10346,7 @@ index 000000000..15ede51cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-ccn_advanced-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CCN profile (Advanced) kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CCN profile (Advanced) kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2023-07-18
+#
@@ -10489,7 +10489,7 @@ index 000000000..c31fb47b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-ccn_basic-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CCN profile (Basic) kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CCN profile (Basic) kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2023-07-18
+#
@@ -10632,7 +10632,7 @@ index 000000000..1badb172d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-ccn_intermediate-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CCN profile (Intermediate) kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CCN profile (Intermediate) kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2023-07-18
+#
@@ -10775,7 +10775,7 @@ index 000000000..877821d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-cis-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 2 - Server) kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 2 - Server) kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-08-12
+#
@@ -10922,7 +10922,7 @@ index 000000000..17105cd14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-cis_server_l1-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 1 - Server) kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 1 - Server) kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-08-12
+#
@@ -11069,7 +11069,7 @@ index 000000000..b8ed410c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-cis_workstation_l1-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 1 - Workstation) kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 1 - Workstation) kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-08-12
+#
@@ -11216,7 +11216,7 @@ index 000000000..4268d2026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-cis_workstation_l2-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 2 - Workstation) kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CIS profile (Level 2 - Workstation) kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-08-12
+#
@@ -11363,7 +11363,7 @@ index 000000000..a23ef892e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-cui-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide CUI profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide CUI profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+#
+# Based on:
+# https://pykickstart.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
@@ -11508,7 +11508,7 @@ index 000000000..87ebac5ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-e8-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide Essential Eight profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide Essential Eight profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-07-13
+#
@@ -11634,7 +11634,7 @@ index 000000000..b197c7233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-hipaa-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide HIPAA profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide HIPAA profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-07-13
+#
@@ -11760,7 +11760,7 @@ index 000000000..508da4df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-ism_o-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide ISM Official profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide ISM Official profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+# Version: 0.0.1
+# Date: 2021-08-16
+#
@@ -11885,7 +11885,7 @@ index 000000000..d96ca6fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-ospp-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide OSPP profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide OSPP profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+#
+# Based on:
+# https://pykickstart.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
@@ -12030,7 +12030,7 @@ index 000000000..562a184d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-pci-dss-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide PCI-DSS profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide PCI-DSS profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+#
+# Based on:
+# https://pykickstart.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
@@ -12170,7 +12170,7 @@ index 000000000..c48252116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-stig-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide STIG profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide STIG profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+#
+# Based on:
+# https://pykickstart.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
@@ -12316,7 +12316,7 @@ index 000000000..caf659d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/kickstart/ssg-msvsphere9-stig_gui-ks.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
-+# SCAP Security Guide STIG with GUI profile kickstart for AlmaLinux 9
++# SCAP Security Guide STIG with GUI profile kickstart for MSVSphere 9
+#
+# Based on:
+# https://pykickstart.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
@@ -12468,7 +12468,7 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+
+Documentation to Support DISA OS SRG Mapping
-+These groups exist to document how the AlmaLinux
++These groups exist to document how the MSVSphere
+product meets (or does not meet) requirements listed in the DISA OS SRG, for
+those cases where Groups or Rules elsewhere in scap-security-guide do
+not clearly relate.
@@ -12481,9 +12481,9 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
+
+Product Meets this Requirement
+
-+AlmaLinux meets this requirement through design and implementation.
++MSVSphere meets this requirement through design and implementation.
+
-+AlmaLinux 9 supports this requirement and cannot be configured to be out of
++MSVSphere 9 supports this requirement and cannot be configured to be out of
+compliance. This is a permanent not a finding.
+
+
@@ -12501,10 +12501,10 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
+
+Product Meets this Requirement
+
-+The AlmaLinux audit system meets this requirement through design and implementation.
++The MSVSphere audit system meets this requirement through design and implementation.
+
-+The AlmaLinux 9 auditing system supports this requirement and cannot be configured to be out of
-+compliance. Every audit record in AlmaLinux includes a timestamp, the operation attempted,
++The MSVSphere 9 auditing system supports this requirement and cannot be configured to be out of
++compliance. Every audit record in MSVSphere includes a timestamp, the operation attempted,
+success or failure of the operation, the subject involved (executable/process),
+the object involved (file/path), and security labels for the subject and object.
+It also includes the ability to label events with custom key labels. The auditing system
@@ -12528,9 +12528,9 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
+
+Product Meets this Requirement
+
-+AlmaLinux meets this requirement through design and implementation.
++MSVSphere meets this requirement through design and implementation.
+
-+AlmaLinux 9 supports this requirement and cannot be configured to be out of
++MSVSphere 9 supports this requirement and cannot be configured to be out of
+compliance. This is a permanent not a finding.
+
+
@@ -12559,7 +12559,7 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
+The requirement is impractical or out of scope.
+
+
-+AlmaLinux 9 cannot support this requirement without assistance from an external
++MSVSphere 9 cannot support this requirement without assistance from an external
+application, policy, or service. This requirement is NA.
+
+
@@ -12578,7 +12578,7 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
+
+Implementation of the Requirement is Not Supported
+
-+AlmaLinux 9 does not support this requirement.
++MSVSphere 9 does not support this requirement.
+
+
+This is a permanent finding.
@@ -12604,7 +12604,7 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
+The requirement is impractical or out of scope.
+
+
-+AlmaLinux 9 cannot support this requirement without assistance from an external
++MSVSphere 9 cannot support this requirement without assistance from an external
+application, policy, or service. This requirement is NA.
+
+
@@ -12630,7 +12630,7 @@ index 000000000..bdfb1cbd8
+
+
+Procedures to promptly apply software updates must be established and
-+executed. The AlmaLinux operating system provides support for automating such a
++executed. The MSVSphere operating system provides support for automating such a
+process, by running the yum program through a cron job or by managing the
+system and its packages through the Foreman.
+
@@ -12646,7 +12646,7 @@ index 000000000..e2c08883c
+++ b/products/msvsphere9/product.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+product: msvsphere9
-+full_name: AlmaLinux 9
++full_name: MSVSphere 9
+type: platform
+
+families:
@@ -12688,7 +12688,7 @@ index 000000000..e2c08883c
+cpes:
+ - msvsphere9:
+ name: "cpe:/o:msvsphere:msvsphere:9"
-+ title: "AlmaLinux 9"
++ title: "MSVSphere 9"
+ check_id: installed_OS_is_msvsphere9
+
+# Mapping of CPE platform to package
@@ -12994,15 +12994,15 @@ index 000000000..0fd466f03
+
+reference: https://www.cisecurity.org/benchmark/msvsphereos_linux/
+
-+title: 'CIS AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmark for Level 2 - Server'
++title: 'CIS MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmark for Level 2 - Server'
+
+description: |-
+ This profile defines a baseline that aligns to the "Level 2 - Server"
+ configuration from the Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
+
+ This profile includes Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
+
+selections:
+ - cis_rhel9:all:l2_server
@@ -13027,15 +13027,15 @@ index 000000000..9a639fdae
+
+reference: https://www.cisecurity.org/benchmark/msvsphereos_linux/
+
-+title: 'CIS AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmark for Level 1 - Server'
++title: 'CIS MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmark for Level 1 - Server'
+
+description: |-
+ This profile defines a baseline that aligns to the "Level 1 - Server"
+ configuration from the Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
+
+ This profile includes Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
+
+selections:
+ - cis_rhel9:all:l1_server
@@ -13060,15 +13060,15 @@ index 000000000..239e8dd83
+
+reference: https://www.cisecurity.org/benchmark/msvsphereos_linux/
+
-+title: 'CIS AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmark for Level 1 - Workstation'
++title: 'CIS MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmark for Level 1 - Workstation'
+
+description: |-
+ This profile defines a baseline that aligns to the "Level 1 - Workstation"
+ configuration from the Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
+
+ This profile includes Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
+
+selections:
+ - cis_rhel9:all:l1_workstation
@@ -13093,15 +13093,15 @@ index 000000000..6a05f77c7
+
+reference: https://www.cisecurity.org/benchmark/msvsphereos_linux/
+
-+title: 'CIS AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmark for Level 2 - Workstation'
++title: 'CIS MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmark for Level 2 - Workstation'
+
+description: |-
+ This profile defines a baseline that aligns to the "Level 2 - Workstation"
+ configuration from the Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 Benchmarkâ„¢, v1.0.0, released 2022-12-12.
+
+ This profile includes Center for Internet Security®
-+ AlmaLinux OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
++ MSVSphere OS 9 CIS Benchmarksâ„¢ content.
+
+selections:
+ - cis_rhel9:all:l2_workstation
@@ -13140,7 +13140,7 @@ index 000000000..686ee2c43
+ supplement the basic security requirements, are taken from the security controls
+ in NIST Special Publication 800-53.
+
-+ This profile configures AlmaLinux 9 to the NIST Special
++ This profile configures MSVSphere 9 to the NIST Special
+ Publication 800-53 controls identified for securing Controlled Unclassified
+ Information (CUI)."
+
@@ -13159,7 +13159,7 @@ index 000000000..d22005611
+
+hidden: true
+
-+title: Default Profile for AlmaLinux 9
++title: Default Profile for MSVSphere 9
+
+description: |-
+ This profile contains all the rules that once belonged to the
@@ -13728,7 +13728,7 @@ index 000000000..b8e703fcc
+title: 'Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) Essential Eight'
+
+description: |-
-+ This profile contains configuration checks for AlmaLinux 9
++ This profile contains configuration checks for MSVSphere 9
+ that align to the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) Essential Eight.
+
+ A copy of the Essential Eight in Linux Environments guide can be found at the
@@ -13890,7 +13890,7 @@ index 000000000..7fd934311
+ confidentiality, integrity, and security of electronic protected health
+ information.
+
-+ This profile configures AlmaLinux 9 to the HIPAA Security
++ This profile configures MSVSphere 9 to the HIPAA Security
+ Rule identified for securing of electronic protected health information.
+ Use of this profile in no way guarantees or makes claims against legal compliance against the HIPAA Security Rule(s).
+
@@ -14053,12 +14053,12 @@ index 000000000..8c86a5552
+title: 'Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) ISM Official'
+
+description: |-
-+ This profile contains configuration checks for AlmaLinux 9
++ This profile contains configuration checks for MSVSphere 9
+ that align to the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) Information Security Manual (ISM)
+ with the applicability marking of OFFICIAL.
+
+ The ISM uses a risk-based approach to cyber security. This profile provides a guide to aligning
-+ AlmaLinux security controls with the ISM, which can be used to select controls
++ MSVSphere security controls with the ISM, which can be used to select controls
+ specific to an organisation's security posture and risk profile.
+
+ A copy of the ISM can be found at the ACSC website:
@@ -14706,7 +14706,7 @@ index 000000000..9e1090184
+
+
+
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
+AL9
+AL_9_STIG
+msvsphere9
@@ -14780,7 +14780,7 @@ index 000000000..168031ef5
+
+
-+ AlmaLinux 9
++ MSVSphere 9
+
+ multi_platform_all
+
@@ -14788,13 +14788,13 @@ index 000000000..168031ef5
+ source="CPE" />
+
+ The operating system installed on the system is
-+ AlmaLinux 9
++ MSVSphere 9
+
+
+
+
-+
+
+
@@ -15476,7 +15476,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
SELINUX is active, enforcing, and configured to enforce
@@ -15495,7 +15495,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
An operating system release is considered "supported" if the vendor continues to provide security patches for the product. With an unsupported release, it will not be possible to resolve security issues discovered in the system software.
@@ -15505,7 +15505,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the use of automated mechanisms to scan for security flaws on a continuous and/or periodic basis, the operating system or other system components may remain vulnerable to the exploits presented by undetected software flaws.
@@ -15515,7 +15515,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Unnecessary service packages must not be installed to decrease the attack surface of the system. Graphical display managers have a long history of security vulnerabilities and must not be used, unless approved and documented.
@@ -15525,7 +15525,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The most important characteristic of a random number generator is its randomness, namely its ability to deliver random numbers that are impossible to predict. Entropy in computer security is associated with the unpredictability of a source of randomness. The random source with high entropy tends to achieve a uniform distribution of random values. Random number generators are one of the most important building blocks of cryptosystems.
@@ -15535,7 +15535,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
In the event of a system failure, RHEL 9 must preserve any information necessary to determine cause of failure and any information necessary to return to operations with least disruption to system processes.
@@ -15545,7 +15545,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A locally logged-on user who presses Ctrl-Alt-Delete when at the console can reboot the system. If accidentally pressed, as could happen in the case of a mixed OS environment, this can create the risk of short-term loss of availability of systems due to unintentional reboot. In a graphical user environment, risk of unintentional reboot from the Ctrl-Alt-Delete sequence is reduced because the user will be prompted before any action is taken.
@@ -15555,7 +15555,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A locally logged-on user who presses Ctrl-Alt-Delete when at the console can reboot the system. If accidentally pressed, as could happen in the case of a mixed OS environment, this can create the risk of short-term loss of availability of systems due to unintentional reboot. In a graphical user environment, risk of unintentional reboot from the Ctrl-Alt-Delete sequence is reduced because the user will be prompted before any action is taken.
@@ -15565,7 +15565,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The debug-shell requires no authentication and provides root privileges to anyone who has physical access to the machine. While this feature is disabled by default, masking it adds an additional layer of assurance that it will not be enabled via a dependency in systemd. This also prevents attackers with physical access from trivially bypassing security on the machine through valid troubleshooting configurations and gaining root access when the system is rebooted.
@@ -15575,7 +15575,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
To mitigate the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive information by entities that have been issued certificates by DOD-approved PKIs, all DOD systems (e.g., web servers and web portals) must be properly configured to incorporate access control methods that do not rely solely on the possession of a certificate for access. Successful authentication must not automatically give an entity access to an asset or security boundary. Authorization procedures and controls must be implemented to ensure each authenticated entity also has a validated and current authorization. Authorization is the process of determining whether an entity, once authenticated, is permitted to access a specific asset. Information systems use access control policies and enforcement mechanisms to implement this requirement.
@@ -15585,7 +15585,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Using interactive or recovery boot, the console user could disable auditing, firewalls, or other services, weakening system security.
@@ -15595,7 +15595,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "root" group is a highly privileged group. Furthermore, the group-owner of this file should not have any access privileges anyway.
@@ -15605,7 +15605,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The " /boot/grub2/grub.cfg" file stores sensitive system configuration. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -15615,7 +15615,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
System calls are special routines in the Linux kernel, which userspace applications ask to do privileged tasks. Invoking a system call is an expensive operation because the processor must interrupt the currently executing task and switch context to kernel mode and then back to userspace after the system call completes. Virtual system calls map into user space a page that contains some variables and the implementation of some system calls. This allows the system calls to be executed in userspace to alleviate the context switching expense.
@@ -15625,7 +15625,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Poisoning writes an arbitrary value to freed pages, so any modification or reference to that page after being freed or before being initialized will be detected and prevented. This prevents many types of use-after-free vulnerabilities at little performance cost. Also prevents leak of data and detection of corrupted memory.
@@ -15635,7 +15635,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Some adversaries launch attacks with the intent of executing code in nonexecutable regions of memory or in memory locations that are prohibited. Security safeguards employed to protect memory include, for example, data execution prevention and address space layout randomization. Data execution prevention safeguards can be either hardware-enforced or software-enforced with hardware providing the greater strength of mechanism.
@@ -15645,7 +15645,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Kernel page-table isolation is a kernel feature that mitigates the Meltdown security vulnerability and hardens the kernel against attempts to bypass kernel address space layout randomization (KASLR).
@@ -15655,7 +15655,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the capability to generate audit records, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -15665,7 +15665,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Preventing unauthorized information transfers mitigates the risk of information, including encrypted representations of information, produced by the actions of prior users/roles (or the actions of processes acting on behalf of prior users/roles) from being available to any current users/roles (or current processes) that obtain access to shared system resources (e.g., registers, main memory, hard disks) after those resources have been released back to information systems. The control of information in shared resources is also commonly referred to as object reuse and residual information protection.
@@ -15675,7 +15675,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Preventing unauthorized information transfers mitigates the risk of information, including encrypted representations of information, produced by the actions of prior users/roles (or the actions of processes acting on behalf of prior users/roles) from being available to any current users/roles (or current processes) that obtain access to shared system resources (e.g., registers, main memory, hard disks) after those resources have been released back to information systems. The control of information in shared resources is also commonly referred to as object reuse and residual information protection.
@@ -15685,7 +15685,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Changes to any software components can have significant effects on the overall security of the operating system. This requirement ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor.
@@ -15695,7 +15695,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Exposing kernel pointers (through procfs or "seq_printf()") exposes kernel writeable structures, which may contain functions pointers. If a write vulnerability occurs in the kernel, allowing write access to any of this structure, the kernel can be compromised. This option disallows any program without the CAP_SYSLOG capability to get the addresses of kernel pointers by replacing them with "0".
@@ -15705,7 +15705,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
By enabling the fs.protected_hardlinks kernel parameter, users can no longer create soft or hard links to files they do not own. Disallowing such hardlinks mitigates vulnerabilities based on insecure file system accessed by privileged programs, avoiding an exploitation vector exploiting unsafe use of open() or creat().
@@ -15715,7 +15715,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
By enabling the fs.protected_symlinks kernel parameter, symbolic links are permitted to be followed only when outside a sticky world-writable directory, or when the user identifier (UID) of the link and follower match, or when the directory owner matches the symlink's owner. Disallowing such symlinks helps mitigate vulnerabilities based on insecure file system accessed by privileged programs, avoiding an exploitation vector exploiting unsafe use of open() or creat().
@@ -15725,7 +15725,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful only for developers trying to debug problems.
@@ -15735,7 +15735,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Disabling Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protects the system against exploitation of any flaws in its implementation.
@@ -15745,7 +15745,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Disabling Controller Area Network (CAN) protects the system against exploitation of any flaws in its implementation.
@@ -15755,7 +15755,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Disabling firewire protects the system against exploitation of any flaws in its implementation.
@@ -15765,7 +15765,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is detrimental for operating systems to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors.
@@ -15775,7 +15775,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is detrimental for operating systems to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors.
@@ -15785,7 +15785,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Address space layout randomization (ASLR) makes it more difficult for an attacker to predict the location of attack code they have introduced into a process' address space during an attempt at exploitation. Additionally, ASLR makes it more difficult for an attacker to know the location of existing code in order to repurpose it using return oriented programming (ROP) techniques.
@@ -15795,7 +15795,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Loading and accessing the packet filters programs and maps using the bpf() system call has the potential of revealing sensitive information about the kernel state.
@@ -15805,7 +15805,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Unrestricted usage of ptrace allows compromised binaries to run ptrace on other processes of the user. Like this, the attacker can steal sensitive information from the target processes (e.g., SSH sessions, web browser, etc.) without any additional assistance from the user (i.e., without resorting to phishing).
@@ -15815,7 +15815,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful only for developers or system operators trying to debug problems.
@@ -15825,7 +15825,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful only for developers or system operators trying to debug problems. Enabling core dumps on production systems is not recommended; however, there may be overriding operational requirements to enable advanced debugging. Permitting temporary enablement of core dumps during such situations must be reviewed through local needs and policy.
@@ -15835,7 +15835,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful only for developers trying to debug problems.
@@ -15845,7 +15845,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A core dump includes a memory image taken at the time the operating system terminates an application. The memory image could contain sensitive data and is generally useful only for developers trying to debug problems.
@@ -15855,7 +15855,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
User namespaces are used primarily for Linux containers. The value "0" disallows the use of user namespaces.
@@ -15865,7 +15865,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Kernel core dumps may contain the full contents of system memory at the time of the crash. Kernel core dumps consume a considerable amount of disk space and may result in denial of service by exhausting the available space on the target file system partition. Unless the system is used for kernel development or testing, there is little need to run the kdump service.
@@ -15875,7 +15875,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Changes to any software components can have significant effects on the overall security of the operating system. This requirement ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor.
@@ -15885,7 +15885,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Changes to any software components can have significant effects on the overall security of the operating system. This requirement ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor.
@@ -15895,7 +15895,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Changes to any software components can have significant effects on the overall security of the operating system. This requirement ensures the software has not been tampered with and that it has been provided by a trusted vendor.
@@ -15905,7 +15905,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Previous versions of software components that are not removed from the information system after updates have been installed may be exploited by some adversaries.
@@ -15915,7 +15915,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The Red Hat Subscription Manager application manages software subscriptions and software repositories for installed software products on the local system. It communicates with backend servers, such as the Red Hat Customer Portal or an on-premise instance of Subscription Asset Manager, to register the local system and grant access to software resources determined by the subscription entitlement.
@@ -15925,7 +15925,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The FTP service provides an unencrypted remote access that does not provide for the confidentiality and integrity of user passwords or the remote session. If a privileged user were to log on using this service, the privileged user password could be compromised. SSH or other encrypted file transfer methods must be used in place of this service.
@@ -15935,7 +15935,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The sendmail software was not developed with security in mind, and its design prevents it from being effectively contained by SELinux. Postfix must be used instead.
@@ -15945,7 +15945,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
"nfs-utils" provides a daemon for the kernel NFS server and related tools. This package also contains the "showmount" program. "showmount" queries the mount daemon on a remote host for information about the Network File System (NFS) server on the remote host. For example, "showmount" can display the clients that are mounted on that host.
@@ -15955,7 +15955,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The NIS service provides an unencrypted authentication service, which does not provide for the confidentiality and integrity of user passwords or the remote session.
@@ -15965,7 +15965,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "rsh-server" service provides unencrypted remote access service, which does not provide for the confidentiality and integrity of user passwords or the remote session and has very weak authentication. If a privileged user were to login using this service, the privileged user password could be compromised. The "rsh-server" package provides several obsolete and insecure network services. Removing it decreases the risk of accidental (or intentional) activation of those services.
@@ -15975,7 +15975,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is detrimental for operating systems to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities are often overlooked and therefore, may remain unsecure. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors.
@@ -15985,7 +15985,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is detrimental for operating systems to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore, may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors.
@@ -15995,7 +15995,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is detrimental for operating systems to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors.
@@ -16005,7 +16005,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is detrimental for operating systems to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors.
@@ -16015,7 +16015,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Removing the "tftp-server" package decreases the risk of the accidental (or intentional) activation of tftp services.
@@ -16025,7 +16025,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Quagga is a network routing software suite providing implementations of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) for Unix and Linux platforms.
@@ -16035,7 +16035,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Unnecessary service packages must not be installed to decrease the attack surface of the system. Graphical display managers have a long history of security vulnerabilities and must not be used, unless approved and documented.
@@ -16045,7 +16045,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the use of multifactor authentication, the ease of access to privileged functions is greatly increased. Multifactor authentication requires using two or more factors to achieve authentication. A privileged account is defined as an information system account with authorizations of a privileged user. The DOD CAC with DOD-approved PKI is an example of multifactor authentication.
@@ -16055,7 +16055,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
GnuTLS is a secure communications library implementing the SSL, TLS and DTLS protocols and technologies around them. It provides a simple C language application programming interface (API) to access the secure communications protocols as well as APIs to parse and write X.509, PKCS #12, OpenPGP and other required structures. This package contains command line TLS client and server and certificate manipulation tools.
@@ -16065,7 +16065,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Network Security Services (NSS) is a set of libraries designed to support cross-platform development of security-enabled client and server applications. Install the "nss-tools" package to install command-line tools to manipulate the NSS certificate and key database.
@@ -16075,7 +16075,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
"rng-tools" provides hardware random number generator tools, such as those used in the formation of x509/PKI certificates.
@@ -16085,7 +16085,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "s-nail" package provides the mail command required to allow sending email notifications of unauthorized configuration changes to designated personnel.
@@ -16095,7 +16095,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Ensuring that "/home" is mounted on its own partition enables the setting of more restrictive mount options, and also helps ensure that users cannot trivially fill partitions used for log or audit data storage.
@@ -16105,7 +16105,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/tmp" partition is used as temporary storage by many programs. Placing "/tmp" in its own partition enables the setting of more restrictive mount options, which can help protect programs that use it.
@@ -16115,7 +16115,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Ensuring that "/var" is mounted on its own partition enables the setting of more restrictive mount options. This helps protect system services such as daemons or other programs which use it. It is not uncommon for the "/var" directory to contain world-writable directories installed by other software packages.
@@ -16125,7 +16125,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Placing "/var/log" in its own partition enables better separation between log files and other files in "/var/".
@@ -16135,7 +16135,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Placing "/var/log/audit" in its own partition enables better separation between audit files and other system files, and helps ensure that auditing cannot be halted due to the partition running out of space.
@@ -16145,7 +16145,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/var/tmp" partition is used as temporary storage by many programs. Placing "/var/tmp" in its own partition enables the setting of more restrictive mount options, which can help protect programs that use it.
@@ -16155,7 +16155,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
An authentication process resists replay attacks if it is impractical to achieve a successful authentication by recording and replaying a previous authentication message.
@@ -16165,7 +16165,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16175,7 +16175,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system to not execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16185,7 +16185,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "noexec" mount option causes the system to not execute binary files. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved binary files, as they may be incompatible. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16195,7 +16195,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
When an NFS server is configured to use RPCSEC_SYS, a selected userid and groupid are used to handle requests from the remote user. The userid and groupid could mistakenly or maliciously be set incorrectly. The RPCSEC_GSS method of authentication uses certificates on the server and client systems to more securely authenticate the remote mount request.
@@ -16205,7 +16205,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16215,7 +16215,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "noexec" mount option causes the system not to execute binary files. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved binary as they may be incompatible. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16225,7 +16225,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system not to execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16235,7 +16235,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The only legitimate location for device files is the "/dev" directory located on the root partition. The only exception to this is chroot jails.
@@ -16245,7 +16245,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system not to execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16255,7 +16255,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system not to execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16265,7 +16265,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16275,7 +16275,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "noexec" mount option causes the system to not execute binary files. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved binary files, as they may be incompatible. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16285,7 +16285,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system to not execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16295,7 +16295,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16305,7 +16305,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "noexec" mount option causes the system to not execute binary files. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved binary files, as they may be incompatible. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16315,7 +16315,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system to not execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16325,7 +16325,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16335,7 +16335,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16345,7 +16345,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "noexec" mount option causes the system to not execute binary files. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved binary files, as they may be incompatible. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16355,7 +16355,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system to not execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16365,7 +16365,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16375,7 +16375,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "noexec" mount option causes the system to not execute binary files. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved binary files, as they may be incompatible. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16385,7 +16385,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system to not execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16395,7 +16395,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16405,7 +16405,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "noexec" mount option causes the system to not execute binary files. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved binary files, as they may be incompatible. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16415,7 +16415,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nosuid" mount option causes the system to not execute "setuid" and "setgid" files with owner privileges. This option must be used for mounting any file system not containing approved "setuid" and "setguid" files. Executing files from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16425,7 +16425,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is detrimental for operating systems to provide, or install by default, functionality exceeding requirements or mission objectives. These unnecessary capabilities or services are often overlooked and therefore may remain unsecured. They increase the risk to the platform by providing additional attack vectors.
@@ -16435,7 +16435,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "nodev" mount option causes the system to not interpret character or block special devices. Executing character or block special devices from untrusted file systems increases the opportunity for nonprivileged users to attain unauthorized administrative access.
@@ -16445,7 +16445,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16455,7 +16455,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16465,7 +16465,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16475,7 +16475,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the RHEL 9 system or platform. Additionally, personally identifiable information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives.
@@ -16485,7 +16485,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the RHEL 9 system or platform. Additionally, personally identifiable information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives.
@@ -16495,7 +16495,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Protecting audit information also includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Therefore, protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit information.
@@ -16505,7 +16505,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Service configuration files enable or disable features of their respective services that if configured incorrectly can lead to insecure and vulnerable configurations. Therefore, service configuration files should have the correct access rights to prevent unauthorized changes.
@@ -16515,7 +16515,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Local initialization files are used to configure the user's shell environment upon logon. Malicious modification of these files could compromise accounts upon logon.
@@ -16525,7 +16525,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Excessive permissions on local interactive user home directories may allow unauthorized access to user files by other users.
@@ -16535,7 +16535,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/group" file contains information regarding groups that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.
@@ -16545,7 +16545,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/group-" file is a backup file of "/etc/group", and as such, contains information regarding groups that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.
@@ -16555,7 +16555,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/gshadow" file contains group password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16565,7 +16565,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/gshadow-" file is a backup of "/etc/gshadow", and as such, contains group password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16575,7 +16575,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If the "/etc/passwd" file is writable by a group-owner or the world the risk of its compromise is increased. The file contains the list of accounts on the system and associated information, and protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16585,7 +16585,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/passwd-" file is a backup file of "/etc/passwd", and as such, contains information about the users that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16595,7 +16595,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/shadow-" file is a backup file of "/etc/shadow", and as such, contains the list of local system accounts and password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16605,7 +16605,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/group" file contains information regarding groups that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.
@@ -16615,7 +16615,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/group" file contains information regarding groups that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.
@@ -16625,7 +16625,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/group-" file is a backup file of "/etc/group", and as such, contains information regarding groups that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.
@@ -16635,7 +16635,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/group-" file is a backup file of "/etc/group", and as such, contains information regarding groups that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is important for system security.
@@ -16645,7 +16645,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/gshadow" file contains group password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16655,7 +16655,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/gshadow" file contains group password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16665,7 +16665,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/gshadow-" file is a backup of "/etc/gshadow", and as such, contains group password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16675,7 +16675,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/gshadow-" file is a backup of "/etc/gshadow", and as such, contains group password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16685,7 +16685,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/passwd" file contains information about the users that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16695,7 +16695,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/passwd" file contains information about the users that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16705,7 +16705,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/passwd-" file is a backup file of "/etc/passwd", and as such, contains information about the users that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16715,7 +16715,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/passwd-" file is a backup file of "/etc/passwd", and as such, contains information about the users that are configured on the system. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16725,7 +16725,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/shadow" file contains the list of local system accounts and stores password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security. Failure to give ownership of this file to root provides the designated owner with access to sensitive information, which could weaken the system security posture.
@@ -16735,7 +16735,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/shadow" file stores password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16745,7 +16745,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/shadow-" file is a backup file of "/etc/shadow", and as such, contains the list of local system accounts and password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16755,7 +16755,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/shadow-" file is a backup file of "/etc/shadow", and as such, contains the list of local system accounts and password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security.
@@ -16765,7 +16765,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the RHEL 9 system or platform. Additionally, personally identifiable information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives.
@@ -16775,7 +16775,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the RHEL 9 system or platform. Additionally, personally identifiable information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives.
@@ -16785,7 +16785,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the RHEL 9 system or platform. Additionally, personally identifiable information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives.
@@ -16795,7 +16795,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the RHEL 9 system or platform. Additionally, personally identifiable information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives.
@@ -16805,7 +16805,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16815,7 +16815,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16825,7 +16825,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16835,7 +16835,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16845,7 +16845,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16855,7 +16855,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If RHEL 9 allowed any user to make changes to software libraries, then those changes might be implemented without undergoing the appropriate testing and approvals that are part of a robust change management process.
@@ -16865,7 +16865,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Protecting audit information also includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data. Therefore, protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit information.
@@ -16875,7 +16875,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Protecting audit information also includes identifying and protecting the tools used to view and manipulate log data; therefore, protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized operation on audit information.
@@ -16885,7 +16885,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Service configuration files enable or disable features of their respective services that if configured incorrectly can lead to insecure and vulnerable configurations; therefore, service configuration files must be owned by the correct group to prevent unauthorized changes.
@@ -16895,7 +16895,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Service configuration files enable or disable features of their respective services that if configured incorrectly can lead to insecure and vulnerable configurations; therefore, service configuration files should be owned by the correct group to prevent unauthorized changes.
@@ -16905,7 +16905,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Service configuration files enable or disable features of their respective services that if configured incorrectly can lead to insecure and vulnerable configurations; therefore, service configuration files must have the correct access rights to prevent unauthorized changes.
@@ -16915,7 +16915,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "/etc/shadow" file contains the list of local system accounts and stores password hashes. Protection of this file is critical for system security. Failure to give ownership of this file to root provides the designated owner with access to sensitive information, which could weaken the system security posture.
@@ -16925,7 +16925,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
"Firewalld" provides an easy and effective way to block/limit remote access to the system via ports, services, and protocols.
@@ -16935,7 +16935,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
"Firewalld" provides an easy and effective way to block/limit remote access to the system via ports, services, and protocols.
@@ -16945,7 +16945,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
DoS is a condition when a resource is not available for legitimate users. When this occurs, the organization either cannot accomplish its mission or must operate at degraded capacity.
@@ -16955,7 +16955,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Network interfaces in promiscuous mode allow for the capture of all network traffic visible to the system. If unauthorized individuals can access these applications, it may allow them to collect information such as logon IDs, passwords, and key exchanges between systems.
@@ -16965,7 +16965,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
When hardened, the extended Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) just-in-time (JIT) compiler will randomize any kernel addresses in the BPF programs and maps, and will not expose the JIT addresses in "/proc/kallsyms".
@@ -16975,7 +16975,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Inaccurate time stamps make it more difficult to correlate events and can lead to an inaccurate analysis. Determining the correct time a particular event occurred on a system is critical when conducting forensic analysis and investigating system events. Sources outside the configured acceptable allowance (drift) may be inaccurate.
@@ -16985,7 +16985,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Inaccurate time stamps make it more difficult to correlate events and can lead to an inaccurate analysis. Determining the correct time a particular event occurred on a system is critical when conducting forensic analysis and investigating system events. Sources outside the configured acceptable allowance (drift) may be inaccurate.
@@ -16995,7 +16995,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Minimizing the exposure of the server functionality of the chrony daemon diminishes the attack surface.
@@ -17005,7 +17005,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Not exposing the management interface of the chrony daemon on the network diminishes the attack space.
@@ -17015,7 +17015,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
To provide availability for name resolution services, multiple redundant name servers are mandated. A failure in name resolution could lead to the failure of security functions requiring name resolution, which may include time synchronization, centralized authentication, and remote system logging.
@@ -17025,7 +17025,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
In order to ensure that DNS resolver settings are respected, a DNS mode in Network Manager must be configured.
@@ -17035,7 +17035,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If unrestricted mail relaying is permitted, unauthorized senders could use this host as a mail relay for the purpose of sending spam or other unauthorized activity.
@@ -17045,7 +17045,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is critical for the appropriate personnel to be aware if a system is at risk of failing to process audit logs as required. Without this notification, the security personnel may be unaware of an impending failure of the audit capability, and system operation may be adversely affected.
@@ -17055,7 +17055,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Providing the ability for remote users or systems to initiate a secure VPN connection protects information when it is transmitted over a wide area network.
@@ -17065,7 +17065,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The shosts.equiv files are used to configure host-based authentication for the system via SSH. Host-based authentication is not sufficient for preventing unauthorized access to the system, as it does not require interactive identification and authentication of a connection request, or for the use of two-factor authentication.
@@ -17075,7 +17075,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The .shosts files are used to configure host-based authentication for individual users or the system via SSH. Host-based authentication is not sufficient for preventing unauthorized access to the system, as it does not require interactive identification and authentication of a connection request, or for the use of two-factor authentication.
@@ -17085,7 +17085,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Denial of service (DoS) is a condition when a resource is not available for legitimate users. When this occurs, the organization either cannot accomplish its mission or must operate at degraded capacity.
@@ -17095,7 +17095,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
ICMP redirect messages are used by routers to inform hosts that a more direct route exists for a particular destination. These messages modify the host's route table and are unauthenticated. An illicit ICMP redirect message could result in a man-in-the-middle attack.
@@ -17105,7 +17105,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Source-routed packets allow the source of the packet to suggest routers forward the packet along a different path than configured on the router, which can be used to bypass network security measures. This requirement applies only to the forwarding of source-routerd traffic, such as when IPv4 forwarding is enabled and the system is functioning as a router.
@@ -17115,7 +17115,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The presence of "martian" packets (which have impossible addresses) as well as spoofed packets, source-routed packets, and redirects could be a sign of nefarious network activity. Logging these packets enables this activity to be detected.
@@ -17125,7 +17125,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The presence of "martian" packets (which have impossible addresses) as well as spoofed packets, source-routed packets, and redirects could be a sign of nefarious network activity. Logging these packets enables this activity to be detected.
@@ -17135,7 +17135,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Enabling reverse path filtering drops packets with source addresses that should not have been able to be received on the interface on which they were received. It must not be used on systems that are routers for complicated networks, but is helpful for end hosts and routers serving small networks.
@@ -17145,7 +17145,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
ICMP redirect messages are used by routers to inform hosts that a more direct route exists for a particular destination. These messages modify the host's route table and are unauthenticated. An illicit ICMP redirect message could result in a man-in-the-middle attack.
@@ -17155,7 +17155,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Source-routed packets allow the source of the packet to suggest routers forward the packet along a different path than configured on the router, which can be used to bypass network security measures.
@@ -17165,7 +17165,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Enabling reverse path filtering drops packets with source addresses that should not have been able to be received on the interface on which they were received. It must not be used on systems that are routers for complicated networks, but is helpful for end hosts and routers serving small networks.
@@ -17175,7 +17175,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Responding to broadcast (ICMP) echoes facilitates network mapping and provides a vector for amplification attacks.
@@ -17185,7 +17185,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Some routers will send responses to broadcast frames that violate RFC-1122, which fills up a log file system with many useless error messages. An attacker may take advantage of this and attempt to flood the logs with bogus error logs. Ignoring bogus ICMP error responses reduces log size, although some activity would not be logged.
@@ -17195,7 +17195,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
ICMP redirect messages are used by routers to inform hosts that a more direct route exists for a particular destination. These messages contain information from the system's route table possibly revealing portions of the network topology.
@@ -17205,7 +17205,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
ICMP redirect messages are used by routers to inform hosts that a more direct route exists for a particular destination. These messages contain information from the system's route table possibly revealing portions of the network topology.
@@ -17215,7 +17215,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Routing protocol daemons are typically used on routers to exchange network topology information with other routers. If this capability is used when not required, system network information may be unnecessarily transmitted across the network.
@@ -17225,7 +17225,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
An illicit router advertisement message could result in a man-in-the-middle attack.
@@ -17235,7 +17235,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
An illicit ICMP redirect message could result in a man-in-the-middle attack.
@@ -17245,7 +17245,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Source-routed packets allow the source of the packet to suggest that routers forward the packet along a different path than configured on the router, which can be used to bypass network security measures. This requirement applies only to the forwarding of source-routed traffic, such as when forwarding is enabled and the system is functioning as a router.
@@ -17255,7 +17255,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
IP forwarding permits the kernel to forward packets from one network interface to another. The ability to forward packets between two networks is only appropriate for systems acting as routers.
@@ -17265,7 +17265,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
An illicit router advertisement message could result in a man-in-the-middle attack.
@@ -17275,7 +17275,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
ICMP redirect messages are used by routers to inform hosts that a more direct route exists for a particular destination. These messages modify the host's route table and are unauthenticated. An illicit ICMP redirect message could result in a man-in-the-middle attack.
@@ -17285,7 +17285,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Source-routed packets allow the source of the packet to suggest that routers forward the packet along a different path than configured on the router, which can be used to bypass network security measures. This requirement applies only to the forwarding of source-routed traffic, such as when forwarding is enabled and the system is functioning as a router.
@@ -17295,7 +17295,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without protection of the transmitted information, confidentiality and integrity may be compromised because unprotected communications can be intercepted and either read or altered.
@@ -17305,7 +17305,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without protection of the transmitted information, confidentiality and integrity may be compromised because unprotected communications can be intercepted and either read or altered.
@@ -17315,7 +17315,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
This package includes utilities to make encrypted connections and transfer files securely to SSH servers.
@@ -17325,7 +17325,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The warning message reinforces policy awareness during the logon process and facilitates possible legal action against attackers. Alternatively, systems whose ownership should not be obvious should ensure usage of a banner that does not provide easy attribution.
@@ -17335,7 +17335,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
SSH provides several logging levels with varying amounts of verbosity. "DEBUG" is specifically not recommended other than strictly for debugging SSH communications since it provides so much data that it is difficult to identify important security information. "INFO" or "VERBOSE" level is the basic level that only records login activity of SSH users. In many situations, such as Incident Response, it is important to determine when a particular user was active on a system. The logout record can eliminate those users who disconnected, which helps narrow the field.
@@ -17345,7 +17345,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the use of multifactor authentication, the ease of access to privileged functions is greatly increased. Multifactor authentication requires using two or more factors to achieve authentication. A privileged account is defined as an information system account with authorizations of a privileged user. A DOD CAC with DOD-approved PKI is an example of multifactor authentication.
@@ -17355,7 +17355,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If an account has an empty password, anyone could log on and run commands with the privileges of that account. Accounts with empty passwords should never be used in operational environments.
@@ -17365,7 +17365,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Even though the communications channel may be encrypted, an additional layer of security is gained by extending the policy of not logging directly on as root. In addition, logging in with a user-specific account provides individual accountability of actions performed on the system and also helps to minimize direct attack attempts on root's password.
@@ -17375,7 +17375,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
When UsePAM is set to "yes", PAM runs through account and session types properly. This is important when restricted access to services based off of IP, time, or other factors of the account is needed. Additionally, this ensures users can inherit certain environment variables on login or disallow access to the server.
@@ -17385,7 +17385,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without cryptographic integrity protections, information can be altered by unauthorized users without detection.
@@ -17395,7 +17395,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without cryptographic integrity protections, information can be altered by unauthorized users without detection.
@@ -17405,7 +17405,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without cryptographic integrity protections, information can be altered by unauthorized users without detection.
@@ -17415,7 +17415,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without cryptographic integrity protections, information can be altered by unauthorized users without detection.
@@ -17425,7 +17425,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without cryptographic integrity protections, information can be altered by unauthorized users without detection.
@@ -17435,7 +17435,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
SSH trust relationships mean a compromise on one host can allow an attacker to move trivially to other hosts.
@@ -17445,7 +17445,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
SSH environment options potentially allow users to bypass access restriction in some configurations.
@@ -17455,7 +17455,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without protection of the transmitted information, confidentiality and integrity may be compromised because unprotected communications can be intercepted and either read or altered.
@@ -17465,7 +17465,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Terminating an unresponsive SSH session within a short time period reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized personnel to take control of a management session enabled on the console or console port that has been left unattended. In addition, quickly terminating an idle SSH session will also free up resources committed by the managed network element.
@@ -17475,7 +17475,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Terminating an unresponsive SSH session within a short time period reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized personnel to take control of a management session enabled on the console or console port that has been left unattended. In addition, quickly terminating an idle SSH session will also free up resources committed by the managed network element.
@@ -17485,7 +17485,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Service configuration files enable or disable features of their respective services, which if configured incorrectly, can lead to insecure and vulnerable configurations. Therefore, service configuration files must be owned by the correct group to prevent unauthorized changes.
@@ -17495,7 +17495,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Service configuration files enable or disable features of their respective services, which if configured incorrectly, can lead to insecure and vulnerable configurations. Therefore, service configuration files must be owned by the correct group to prevent unauthorized changes.
@@ -17505,7 +17505,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Service configuration files enable or disable features of their respective services that if configured incorrectly can lead to insecure and vulnerable configurations. Therefore, service configuration files should be owned by the correct group to prevent unauthorized changes.
@@ -17515,7 +17515,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If an unauthorized user obtains the private SSH host key file, the host could be impersonated.
@@ -17525,7 +17525,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If a public host key file is modified by an unauthorized user, the SSH service may be compromised.
@@ -17535,7 +17535,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If compression is allowed in an SSH connection prior to authentication, vulnerabilities in the compression software could result in compromise of the system from an unauthenticated connection, potentially with root privileges.
@@ -17545,7 +17545,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSSAPI) authentication is used to provide additional authentication mechanisms to applications. Allowing GSSAPI authentication through SSH exposes the system's GSSAPI to remote hosts, increasing the attack surface of the system.
@@ -17555,7 +17555,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Kerberos authentication for SSH is often implemented using Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSSAPI). If Kerberos is enabled through SSH, the SSH daemon provides a means of access to the system's Kerberos implementation. Vulnerabilities in the system's Kerberos implementations may be subject to exploitation.
@@ -17565,7 +17565,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
SSH trust relationships mean a compromise on one host can allow an attacker to move trivially to other hosts.
@@ -17575,7 +17575,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Configuring the IgnoreUserKnownHosts setting for the SSH daemon provides additional assurance that remote login via SSH will require a password, even in the event of misconfiguration elsewhere.
@@ -17585,7 +17585,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
When X11 forwarding is enabled, there may be additional exposure to the server and client displays if the sshd proxy display is configured to listen on the wildcard address. By default, sshd binds the forwarding server to the loopback address and sets the hostname part of the DISPLAY environment variable to localhost. This prevents remote hosts from connecting to the proxy display.
@@ -17595,7 +17595,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If other users have access to modify user-specific SSH configuration files, they may be able to log into the system as another user.
@@ -17605,7 +17605,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Providing users feedback on when account accesses last occurred facilitates user recognition and reporting of unauthorized account use.
@@ -17615,7 +17615,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
SSH daemon privilege separation causes the SSH process to drop root privileges when not needed, which would decrease the impact of software vulnerabilities in the nonprivileged section.
@@ -17625,7 +17625,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
When X11 forwarding is enabled, there may be additional exposure to the server and client displays if the sshd proxy display is configured to listen on the wildcard address. By default, sshd binds the forwarding server to the loopback address and sets the hostname part of the "DISPLAY" environment variable to localhost. This prevents remote hosts from connecting to the proxy display.
@@ -17635,7 +17635,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Display of a standardized and approved use notification before granting access to the operating system ensures privacy and security notification verbiage used is consistent with applicable federal laws, Executive Orders, directives, policies, regulations, standards, and guidance.
@@ -17645,7 +17645,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Automatically mounting file systems permits easy introduction of unknown devices, thereby facilitating malicious activity.
@@ -17655,7 +17655,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A nonprivileged account is any operating system account with authorizations of a nonprivileged user.
@@ -17665,7 +17665,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Techniques used to address this include protocols using nonces (e.g., numbers generated for a specific one-time use) or challenges (e.g., TLS, WS_Security). Additional techniques include time-synchronous or challenge-response one-time authenticators.
@@ -17675,7 +17675,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Failure to restrict system access to authenticated users negatively impacts operating system security.
@@ -17685,7 +17685,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not want to log out because of the temporary nature of the absence.
@@ -17695,7 +17695,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not want to log out because of the temporary nature of the absence.
@@ -17705,7 +17705,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not want to log out because of the temporary nature of the absence.
@@ -17715,7 +17715,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session time-out lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not log out because of the temporary nature of the absence. Rather than relying on the user to manually lock their operating system session prior to vacating the vicinity, operating systems need to be able to identify when a user's session has idled and take action to initiate the session lock.
@@ -17725,7 +17725,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session time-out lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not logout because of the temporary nature of the absence. Rather than relying on the user to manually lock their operating system session prior to vacating the vicinity, the GNOME desktop can be configured to identify when a user's session has idled and take action to initiate a session lock.
@@ -17735,7 +17735,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session time-out lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not logout because of the temporary nature of the absence. Rather than relying on the user to manually lock their operating system session prior to vacating the vicinity, the GNOME desktop can be configured to identify when a user's session has idled and take action to initiate the session lock. As such, users should not be allowed to change session settings.
@@ -17745,7 +17745,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session time-out lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not logout because of the temporary nature of the absence. Rather than relying on the user to manually lock their operating system session prior to vacating the vicinity, the GNOME desktop can be configured to identify when a user's session has idled and take action to initiate the session lock. As such, users should not be allowed to change session settings.
@@ -17755,7 +17755,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Setting the screensaver mode to blank-only conceals the contents of the display from passersby.
@@ -17765,7 +17765,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A user who is at the console can reboot the system at the login screen. If restart or shutdown buttons are pressed at the login screen, this can create the risk of short-term loss of availability of systems due to reboot.
@@ -17775,7 +17775,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A user who is at the console can reboot the system at the login screen. If restart or shutdown buttons are pressed at the login screen, this can create the risk of short-term loss of availability of systems due to reboot.
@@ -17785,7 +17785,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A locally logged-in user who presses Ctrl-Alt-Del, when at the console, can reboot the system. If accidentally pressed, as could happen in the case of mixed OS environment, this can create the risk of short-term loss of availability of systems due to unintentional reboot.
@@ -17795,7 +17795,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Leaving the user list enabled is a security risk since it allows anyone with physical access to the system to enumerate known user accounts without authenticated access to the system.
@@ -17805,7 +17805,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
USB mass storage permits easy introduction of unknown devices, thereby facilitating malicious activity.
@@ -17815,7 +17815,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The USBguard-daemon is the main component of the USBGuard software framework. It runs as a service in the background and enforces the USB device authorization policy for all USB devices. The policy is defined by a set of rules using a rule language described in the usbguard-rules.conf file. The policy and the authorization state of USB devices can be modified during runtime using the usbguard tool.
@@ -17825,7 +17825,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The USBguard-daemon is the main component of the USBGuard software framework. It runs as a service in the background and enforces the USB device authorization policy for all USB devices. The policy is defined by a set of rules using a rule language described in the usbguard-rules.conf file. The policy and the authorization state of USB devices can be modified during runtime using the usbguard tool.
@@ -17835,7 +17835,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the capability to generate audit records, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -17845,7 +17845,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
This requirement applies to wireless peripheral technologies (e.g., wireless mice, keyboards, displays, etc.) used with RHEL 9 systems. Wireless peripherals (e.g., Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/IR keyboards, mice and pointing devices, and near field communications [NFC]) present a unique challenge by creating an open, unsecured port on a computer. Wireless peripherals must meet DOD requirements for wireless data transmission and be approved for use by the Authorizing Official (AO). Even though some wireless peripherals, such as mice and pointing devices, do not ordinarily carry information that need to be protected, modification of communications with these wireless peripherals may be used to compromise the RHEL 9 operating system.
@@ -17855,7 +17855,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Any password, no matter how complex, can eventually be cracked; therefore, passwords need to be changed periodically. If the operating system does not limit the lifetime of passwords and force users to change their passwords, there is the risk that the operating system passwords could be compromised.
@@ -17865,7 +17865,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Any password, no matter how complex, can eventually be cracked; therefore, passwords need to be changed periodically. If RHEL 9 does not limit the lifetime of passwords and force users to change their passwords, there is the risk that RHEL 9 passwords could be compromised.
@@ -17875,7 +17875,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If local interactive users are not assigned a valid home directory, there is no place for the storage and control of files they should own.
@@ -17885,7 +17885,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
To ensure accountability and prevent unauthenticated access, interactive users must be identified and authenticated to prevent potential misuse and compromise of the system.
@@ -17895,7 +17895,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Ensuring shells are not given to system accounts upon login makes it more difficult for attackers to make use of system accounts.
@@ -17905,7 +17905,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If a user is assigned the Group Identifier (GID) of a group that does not exist on the system, and a group with the GID is subsequently created, the user may have unintended rights to any files associated with the group.
@@ -17915,7 +17915,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Inactive identifiers pose a risk to systems and applications because attackers may exploit an inactive identifier and potentially obtain undetected access to the system.
@@ -17925,7 +17925,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If local interactive users are not assigned a valid home directory, there is no place for the storage and control of files they should own.
@@ -17935,7 +17935,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
By limiting the number of failed logon attempts, the risk of unauthorized system access via user password guessing, otherwise known as brute-force attacks, is reduced. Limits are imposed by locking the account.
@@ -17945,7 +17945,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
By limiting the number of failed logon attempts, the risk of unauthorized system access via user password guessing, also known as brute-forcing, is reduced. Limits are imposed by locking the account.
@@ -17955,7 +17955,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
By limiting the number of failed logon attempts the risk of unauthorized system access via user password guessing, otherwise known as brute-forcing, is reduced. Limits are imposed by locking the account.
@@ -17965,7 +17965,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
By limiting the number of failed logon attempts the risk of unauthorized system access via user password guessing, otherwise known as brute-forcing, is reduced. Limits are imposed by locking the account.
@@ -17975,7 +17975,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
An account has root authority if it has a user identifier (UID) of "0". Multiple accounts with a UID of "0" afford more opportunity for potential intruders to guess a password for a privileged account. Proper configuration of sudo is recommended to afford multiple system administrators access to root privileges in an accountable manner.
@@ -17985,7 +17985,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Having lockouts persist across reboots ensures that account is only unlocked by an administrator. If the lockouts did not persist across reboots, an attacker could simply reboot the system to continue brute force attacks against the accounts on the system.
@@ -17995,7 +17995,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
To ensure accountability and prevent unauthenticated access, groups must be identified uniquely to prevent potential misuse and compromise of the system.
@@ -18005,7 +18005,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Tmux is a terminal multiplexer that enables a number of terminals to be created, accessed, and controlled from a single screen. Red Hat endorses tmux as the recommended session controlling package.
@@ -18015,7 +18015,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not want to log out because of the temporary nature of the absence.
@@ -18025,7 +18025,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
A session time-out lock is a temporary action taken when a user stops work and moves away from the immediate physical vicinity of the information system but does not logout because of the temporary nature of the absence. Rather than relying on the user to manually lock their operating system session prior to vacating the vicinity, tmux can be configured to identify when a user's session has idled and take action to initiate a session lock.
@@ -18035,7 +18035,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The session lock is implemented at the point where session activity can be determined. Rather than be forced to wait for a period of time to expire before the user session can be locked, RHEL 9 must provide users with the ability to manually invoke a session lock so users can secure their session if it is necessary to temporarily vacate the immediate physical vicinity.
@@ -18045,7 +18045,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Terminating an idle interactive command shell user session within a short time period reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized personnel to take control of it when left unattended in a virtual terminal or physical console.
@@ -18055,7 +18055,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Operating system management includes the ability to control the number of users and user sessions that utilize an operating system. Limiting the number of allowed users and sessions per user is helpful in reducing the risks related to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks.
@@ -18065,7 +18065,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without auditing of these events, it may be harder or impossible to identify what an attacker did after an attack.
@@ -18075,7 +18075,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Increasing the time between a failed authentication attempt and reprompting to enter credentials helps to slow a single-threaded brute force attack.
@@ -18085,7 +18085,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The umask controls the default access mode assigned to newly created files. A umask of 077 limits new files to mode 600 or less permissive. Although umask can be represented as a four-digit number, the first digit representing special access modes is typically ignored or required to be "0". This requirement applies to the globally configured system defaults and the local interactive user defaults for each account on the system.
@@ -18095,7 +18095,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The umask controls the default access mode assigned to newly created files. A umask of 077 limits new files to mode 600 or less permissive. Although umask can be represented as a four-digit number, the first digit representing special access modes is typically ignored or required to be "0". This requirement applies to the globally configured system defaults and the local interactive user defaults for each account on the system.
@@ -18105,7 +18105,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Setting the most restrictive default permissions ensures that when new accounts are created, they do not have unnecessary access.
@@ -18115,7 +18115,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The umask controls the default access mode assigned to newly created files. A umask of 077 limits new files to mode 600 or less permissive. Although umask can be represented as a four-digit number, the first digit representing special access modes is typically ignored or required to be "0". This requirement applies to the globally configured system defaults and the local interactive user defaults for each account on the system.
@@ -18125,7 +18125,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Users need to be aware of activity that occurs regarding their account. Providing users with information regarding the number of unsuccessful attempts that were made to login to their account allows the user to determine if any unauthorized activity has occurred and gives them an opportunity to notify administrators.
@@ -18135,7 +18135,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Terminating an idle session within a short time period reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized personnel to take control of a management session enabled on the console or console port that has been left unattended.
@@ -18145,7 +18145,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without verification of the security functions, security functions may not operate correctly and the failure may go unnoticed. Security function is defined as the hardware, software, and/or firmware of the information system responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based. Security functionality includes, but is not limited to, establishing system accounts, configuring access authorizations (i.e., permissions, privileges), setting events to be audited, and setting intrusion detection parameters.
@@ -18155,7 +18155,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Setting the SELinux policy to "targeted" or a more specialized policy ensures the system will confine processes that are likely to be targeted for exploitation, such as network or system services.
@@ -18165,7 +18165,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without verification of the security functions, security functions may not operate correctly and the failure may go unnoticed. Security function is defined as the hardware, software, and/or firmware of the information system responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based. Security functionality includes, but is not limited to, establishing system accounts, configuring access authorizations (i.e., permissions, privileges), setting events to be audited, and setting intrusion detection parameters.
@@ -18175,7 +18175,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The policycoreutils-python-utils package is required to operate and manage an SELinux environment and its policies. It provides utilities such as semanage, audit2allow, audit2why, chcat, and sandbox.
@@ -18185,7 +18185,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
"sudo" is a program designed to allow a system administrator to give limited root privileges to users and log root activity. The basic philosophy is to give as few privileges as possible but still allow system users to get their work done.
@@ -18195,7 +18195,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without reauthentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they do not have authorization.
@@ -18205,7 +18205,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If the rootpw, targetpw, or runaspw flags are defined and not disabled, by default the operating system will prompt the invoking user for the "root" user password.
@@ -18215,7 +18215,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without reauthentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they do not have authorization.
@@ -18225,7 +18225,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If the "sudoers" file is not configured correctly, any user defined on the system can initiate privileged actions on the target system.
@@ -18235,7 +18235,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "su" program allows to run commands with a substitute user and group ID. It is commonly used to run commands as the root user. Limiting access to such commands is considered a good security practice.
@@ -18245,7 +18245,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The organization must identify authorized software programs and permit execution of authorized software. The process used to identify software programs that are authorized to execute on organizational information systems is commonly referred to as allowlisting.
@@ -18255,7 +18255,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The organization must identify authorized software programs and permit execution of authorized software. The process used to identify software programs that are authorized to execute on organizational information systems is commonly referred to as allowlisting.
@@ -18265,7 +18265,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. "pwquality" enforces complex password construction configuration and has the ability to limit brute-force attacks on the system.
@@ -18275,7 +18275,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. If the information system or application allows the user to reuse their password consecutively when that password has exceeded its defined lifetime, the end result is a password that is not changed per policy requirements.
@@ -18285,7 +18285,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. If the information system or application allows the user to reuse their password consecutively when that password has exceeded its defined lifetime, the end result is a password that is not changed per policy requirements.
@@ -18295,7 +18295,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If an account has an empty password, anyone could log in and run commands with the privileges of that account. Accounts with empty passwords should never be used in operational environments.
@@ -18305,7 +18305,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Enabling PAM password complexity permits enforcement of strong passwords and consequently makes the system less prone to dictionary attacks.
@@ -18315,7 +18315,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Enabling PAM password complexity permits enforcement of strong passwords and consequently makes the system less prone to dictionary attacks.
@@ -18325,7 +18325,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised. Passwords that are encrypted with a weak algorithm are no more protected than if they are kept in plain text.
@@ -18335,7 +18335,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised. Passwords that are encrypted with a weak algorithm are no more protected than if they are kept in plain text.
@@ -18345,7 +18345,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
@@ -18355,7 +18355,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
@@ -18365,7 +18365,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
@@ -18375,7 +18375,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Enforcing a minimum password lifetime helps to prevent repeated password changes to defeat the password reuse or history enforcement requirement. If users are allowed to immediately and continually change their password, then the password could be repeatedly changed in a short period of time to defeat the organization's policy regarding password reuse.
@@ -18385,7 +18385,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Enforcing a minimum password lifetime helps to prevent repeated password changes to defeat the password reuse or history enforcement requirement. If users are allowed to immediately and continually change their password, the password could be repeatedly changed in a short period of time to defeat the organization's policy regarding password reuse.
@@ -18395,7 +18395,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without reauthentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they do not have authorization.
@@ -18405,7 +18405,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The shorter the password, the lower the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
@@ -18415,7 +18415,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The shorter the password, the lower the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
@@ -18425,7 +18425,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised. RHEL 9 utilizes "pwquality" as a mechanism to enforce password complexity. Note that to require special characters without degrading the "minlen" value, the credit value must be expressed as a negative number in "/etc/security/pwquality.conf".
@@ -18435,7 +18435,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. If RHEL 9 allows the user to select passwords based on dictionary words, this increases the chances of password compromise by increasing the opportunity for successful guesses, and brute-force attacks.
@@ -18445,7 +18445,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks. Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised. Requiring a minimum number of uppercase characters makes password guessing attacks more difficult by ensuring a larger search space.
@@ -18455,7 +18455,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute–force attacks.
@@ -18465,7 +18465,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
@@ -18475,7 +18475,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
@@ -18485,7 +18485,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
@@ -18495,7 +18495,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised. Passwords that are encrypted with a weak algorithm are no more protected than if they are kept in plain text.
@@ -18505,7 +18505,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised. Passwords that are encrypted with a weak algorithm are no more protected than if they are kept in plain text.
@@ -18515,7 +18515,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without reauthentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they do not have authorization. When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability, it is critical the user reauthenticate.
@@ -18525,7 +18525,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Passwords need to be protected at all times, and encryption is the standard method for protecting passwords. If passwords are not encrypted, they can be plainly read (i.e., clear text) and easily compromised. Passwords that are encrypted with a weak algorithm are no more protected than if they are kept in plain text.
@@ -18535,7 +18535,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If an account has an empty password, anyone could log in and run commands with the privileges of that account. Accounts with empty passwords should never be used in operational environments.
@@ -18545,7 +18545,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Smart card login provides two-factor authentication stronger than that provided by a username and password combination. Smart cards leverage public key infrastructure to provide and verify credentials. Configuring the smart card driver in use by the organization helps to prevent users from using unauthorized smart cards.
@@ -18555,7 +18555,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the use of multifactor authentication, the ease of access to privileged functions is greatly increased. Multifactor authentication requires using two or more factors to achieve authentication. A privileged account is defined as an information system account with authorizations of a privileged user. The DOD Common Access Card (CAC) with DOD-approved PKI is an example of multifactor authentication.
@@ -18565,7 +18565,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Using an authentication device, such as a DOD Common Access Card (CAC) or token that is separate from the information system, ensures that even if the information system is compromised, credentials stored on the authentication device will not be affected.
@@ -18575,7 +18575,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The pcsc-lite package must be installed if it is to be available for multifactor authentication using smart cards.
@@ -18585,7 +18585,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The information system ensures that even if the information system is compromised, that compromise will not affect credentials stored on the authentication device.
@@ -18595,7 +18595,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The use of PIV credentials facilitates standardization and reduces the risk of unauthorized access.
@@ -18605,7 +18605,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
To mitigate the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive information by entities that have been issued certificates by DOD-approved PKIs, all DOD systems (e.g., web servers and web portals) must be properly configured to incorporate access control methods that do not rely solely on the possession of a certificate for access. Successful authentication must not automatically give an entity access to an asset or security boundary. Authorization procedures and controls must be implemented to ensure each authenticated entity also has a validated and current authorization. Authorization is the process of determining whether an entity, once authenticated, is permitted to access a specific asset. Information systems use access control policies and enforcement mechanisms to implement this requirement.
@@ -18615,7 +18615,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
To mitigate the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive information by entities that have been issued certificates by DOD-approved PKIs, all DOD systems (e.g., web servers and web portals) must be properly configured to incorporate access control methods that do not rely solely on the possession of a certificate for access. Successful authentication must not automatically give an entity access to an asset or security boundary. Authorization procedures and controls must be implemented to ensure each authenticated entity also has a validated and current authorization. Authorization is the process of determining whether an entity, once authenticated, is permitted to access a specific asset. Information systems use access control policies and enforcement mechanisms to implement this requirement.
@@ -18625,7 +18625,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Unapproved mechanisms used for authentication to the cryptographic module are not verified; therefore, cannot be relied upon to provide confidentiality or integrity and DOD data may be compromised.
@@ -18635,7 +18635,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If cached authentication information is out-of-date, the validity of the authentication information may be questionable.
@@ -18645,7 +18645,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without verification of the security functions, security functions may not operate correctly, and the failure may go unnoticed. Security function is defined as the hardware, software, and/or firmware of the information system responsible for enforcing the system security policy and supporting the isolation of code and data on which the protection is based. Security functionality includes, but is not limited to, establishing system accounts, configuring access authorizations (i.e., permissions, privileges), setting events to be audited, and setting intrusion detection parameters.
@@ -18655,7 +18655,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Protecting the integrity of the tools used for auditing purposes is a critical step toward ensuring the integrity of audit information. Audit information includes all information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully audit information system activity.
@@ -18665,7 +18665,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
rsyslogd is a system utility providing support for message logging. Support for both internet and Unix domain sockets enables this utility to support both local and remote logging. Couple this utility with "gnutls" (which is a secure communications library implementing the SSL, TLS, and DTLS protocols), to create a method to securely encrypt and offload auditing.
@@ -18675,7 +18675,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The rsyslog-gnutls package provides Transport Layer Security (TLS) support for the rsyslog daemon, which enables secure remote logging.
@@ -18685,7 +18685,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The "rsyslog" service must be running to provide logging services, which are essential to system administration.
@@ -18695,7 +18695,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Unintentionally running a rsyslog server accepting remote messages puts the system at increased risk. Malicious rsyslog messages sent to the server could exploit vulnerabilities in the server software itself, could introduce misleading information into the system's logs, or could fill the system's storage leading to a denial of service.
@@ -18705,7 +18705,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Logging remote access methods can be used to trace the decrease in the risks associated with remote user access management. It can also be used to spot cyberattacks and ensure ongoing compliance with organizational policies surrounding the use of remote access methods.
@@ -18715,7 +18715,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The auditd service does not include the ability to send audit records to a centralized server for management directly. However, it can use a plug-in for audit event multiplexor (audispd) to pass audit records to the local syslog server.
@@ -18725,7 +18725,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration.
@@ -18735,7 +18735,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration.
@@ -18745,7 +18745,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration.
@@ -18755,7 +18755,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration.
@@ -18765,7 +18765,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without establishing what type of events occurred, the source of events, where events occurred, and the outcome of events, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack.
@@ -18775,7 +18775,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without establishing what type of events occurred, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack. Ensuring the "auditd" service is active ensures audit records generated by the kernel are appropriately recorded.
@@ -18785,7 +18785,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is critical that when the operating system is at risk of failing to process audit logs as required, it takes action to mitigate the failure. Audit processing failures include software/hardware errors; failures in the audit capturing mechanisms; and audit storage capacity being reached or exceeded. Responses to audit failure depend upon the nature of the failure mode.
@@ -18795,7 +18795,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is critical that when the operating system is at risk of failing to process audit logs as required, it takes action to mitigate the failure. Audit processing failures include software/hardware errors; failures in the audit capturing mechanisms; and audit storage capacity being reached or exceeded. Responses to audit failure depend upon the nature of the failure mode.
@@ -18805,7 +18805,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
To ensure RHEL 9 systems have a sufficient storage capacity in which to write the audit logs, RHEL 9 needs to be able to allocate audit record storage capacity.
@@ -18815,7 +18815,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If security personnel are not notified immediately when storage volume reaches 75 percent utilization, they are unable to plan for audit record storage capacity expansion.
@@ -18825,7 +18825,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If security personnel are not notified immediately when storage volume reaches 75 percent utilization, they are unable to plan for audit record storage capacity expansion.
@@ -18835,7 +18835,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If action is not taken when storage volume reaches 95 percent utilization, the auditing system may fail when the storage volume reaches capacity.
@@ -18845,7 +18845,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If action is not taken when storage volume reaches 95 percent utilization, the auditing system may fail when the storage volume reaches capacity.
@@ -18855,7 +18855,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is critical that when the operating system is at risk of failing to process audit logs as required, it takes action to mitigate the failure. Audit processing failures include software/hardware errors; failures in the audit capturing mechanisms; and audit storage capacity being reached or exceeded. Responses to audit failure depend upon the nature of the failure mode.
@@ -18865,7 +18865,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Enriched logging is needed to determine who, what, and when events occur on a system. Without this, determining root cause of an event will be much more difficult.
@@ -18875,7 +18875,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The audit system should have an action setup in the event the internal event queue becomes full so that no data is lost. Information stored in one location is vulnerable to accidental or incidental deletion or alteration.
@@ -18885,7 +18885,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
It is critical for the appropriate personnel to be aware if a system is at risk of failing to process audit logs as required. Without this notification, the security personnel may be unaware of an impending failure of the audit capability, and system operation may be adversely affected.
@@ -18895,7 +18895,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without establishing what type of events occurred, the source of events, where events occurred, and the outcome of events, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack.
@@ -18905,7 +18905,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Unauthorized disclosure of audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, thus compromising its confidentiality.
@@ -18915,7 +18915,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Unauthorized disclosure of audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, thus compromising its confidentiality.
@@ -18925,7 +18925,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Only authorized personnel should be aware of errors and the details of the errors. Error messages are an indicator of an organization's operational state or can identify the RHEL 9 system or platform. Additionally, Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and operational information must not be revealed through error messages to unauthorized personnel or their designated representatives.
@@ -18935,7 +18935,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
If option "freq" is not set to a value that requires audit records being written to disk after a threshold number is reached, then audit records may be lost.
@@ -18945,7 +18945,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without establishing what type of events occurred, the source of events, where events occurred, and the outcome of events, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events leading up to an outage or attack.
@@ -18955,7 +18955,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Audit data should be synchronously written to disk to ensure log integrity. This setting assures that all audit event data is written disk.
@@ -18965,7 +18965,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the capability to restrict the roles and individuals that can select which events are audited, unauthorized personnel may be able to prevent the auditing of critical events. Misconfigured audits may degrade the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfigured audits may also make it more difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -18975,7 +18975,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the capability to restrict the roles and individuals that can select which events are audited, unauthorized personnel may be able to prevent the auditing of critical events. Misconfigured audits may degrade the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfigured audits may also make it more difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -18985,7 +18985,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without the capability to generate audit records, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -18995,7 +18995,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
"audispd-plugins" provides plugins for the real-time interface to the audit subsystem, "audispd". These plugins can do things like relay events to remote machines or analyze events for suspicious behavior.
@@ -19005,7 +19005,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Misuse of privileged functions, either intentionally or unintentionally by authorized users, or by unauthorized external entities that have compromised information system accounts, is a serious and ongoing concern and can have significant adverse impacts on organizations. Auditing the use of privileged functions is one way to detect such misuse and identify the risk from insider threats and the advanced persistent threat.
@@ -19015,7 +19015,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19025,7 +19025,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19035,7 +19035,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19045,7 +19045,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19055,7 +19055,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19065,7 +19065,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19075,7 +19075,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19085,7 +19085,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19095,7 +19095,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19105,7 +19105,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19115,7 +19115,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19125,7 +19125,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19135,7 +19135,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19145,7 +19145,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19155,7 +19155,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19165,7 +19165,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19175,7 +19175,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19185,7 +19185,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19195,7 +19195,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19205,7 +19205,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19215,7 +19215,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19225,7 +19225,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19235,7 +19235,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19245,7 +19245,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19255,7 +19255,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19265,7 +19265,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19275,7 +19275,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19285,7 +19285,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19295,7 +19295,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19305,7 +19305,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19315,7 +19315,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19325,7 +19325,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19335,7 +19335,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit record specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19345,7 +19345,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Without generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
@@ -19355,7 +19355,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Misuse of the init command may cause availability issues for the system.
@@ -19365,7 +19365,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Misuse of the poweroff command may cause availability issues for the system.
@@ -19375,7 +19375,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Misuse of the reboot command may cause availability issues for the system.
@@ -19385,7 +19385,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
Misuse of the shutdown command may cause availability issues for the system.
@@ -19395,7 +19395,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.
@@ -19405,7 +19405,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The changing of file permissions could indicate that a user is attempting to gain access to information that would otherwise be disallowed. Auditing DAC modifications can facilitate the identification of patterns of abuse among both authorized and unauthorized users.
@@ -19415,7 +19415,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The actions taken by system administrators must be audited to keep a record of what was executed on the system, as well as for accountability purposes. Editing the sudoers file may be sign of an attacker trying to establish persistent methods to a system, auditing the editing of the sudoers files mitigates this risk.
@@ -19425,7 +19425,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
The actions taken by system administrators must be audited to keep a record of what was executed on the system, as well as for accountability purposes. Editing the sudoers file may be sign of an attacker trying to establish persistent methods to a system, auditing the editing of the sudoers files mitigates this risk.
@@ -19435,7 +19435,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
+ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9
-+AlmaLinux 9
++MSVSphere 9
In addition to auditing new user and group accounts, these watches will alert the system administrator(s) to any modifications. Any unexpected users, groups, or modifications must be investigated for legitimacy.
@@ -19445,7 +19445,7 @@ index c14013393..8b6269729 100644
-